11/18/2023 0 Comments Define activity in information systems![]() ![]() The sender and receiver of digital information (number sequences) must know the domain and binary format of each number sequence before exchanging information.īy defining number sequences online, this would be systematically and universally usable. Each number sequence represents a selection from its domain. Digital information, for example, consists of building blocks that are all number sequences. The "domain of information" is a set that the sender and receiver of information must know before exchanging information. "Information is selection from the domain of information". Information can be defined exactly by set theory: Exact definition of information and digital application A 2011 Science article estimates that 97% of technologically stored information was already in digital bits in 2007 and that the year 2002 was the beginning of the digital age for information storage (with digital storage capacity bypassing analogue for the first time). For example, the information encoded in one "fair" coin flip is log 2(2/1) = 1 bit, and in two fair coin flips is log 2(4/1) = 2 bits. It is 'that which reduces uncertainty by half'. The bit is a typical unit of information. Information theory takes advantage of this by concluding that more uncertain events require more information to resolve their uncertainty. Uncertainty is inversely proportional to the probability of occurrence. The uncertainty of an event is measured by its probability of occurrence. It can also be encrypted for safe storage and communication. Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation (for example, information may be encoded into a sequence of signs, or transmitted via a signal). That which is perceived can be construed as a message in its own right, and in that sense, all information is always conveyed as the content of a message. Information is expressed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect observation. Information can be transmitted in time, via data storage, and space, via communication and telecommunication. That information may be analyzed to produce knowledge that is put to use when the business subsequently wants to identify the most popular or least popular dish. For example, a restaurant collects data from every customer order. The information available through a collection of data may be derived by analysis. Redundant data can be compressed up to an optimal size, which is the theoretical limit of compression. The derivation of information from a signal or message may be thought of as the resolution of ambiguity or uncertainty that arises during the interpretation of patterns within the signal or message. The key characteristic of information is that it is subject to interpretation and processing. In a digital signal, bits may be interpreted into the symbols, letters, numbers, or structures that convey the information available at the next level up. ![]() For example, in written text each symbol or letter conveys information relevant to the word it is part of, each word conveys information relevant to the phrase it is part of, each phrase conveys information relevant to the sentence it is part of, and so on until at the final step information is interpreted and becomes knowledge in a given domain. ![]() Information is often processed iteratively: Data available at one step are processed into information to be interpreted and processed at the next step. The concept of information is relevant or connected to various concepts, including constraint, communication, control, data, form, education, knowledge, meaning, understanding, mental stimuli, pattern, perception, proposition, representation, and entropy. Information is not knowledge itself, but the meaning that may be derived from a representation through interpretation. Whereas digital signals and other data use discrete signs to convey information, other phenomena and artefacts such as analogue signals, poems, pictures, music or other sounds, and currents convey information in a more continuous form. Any natural process that is not completely random and any observable pattern in any medium can be said to convey some amount of information. At the most fundamental level, information pertains to the interpretation (perhaps formally) of that which may be sensed, or their abstractions. Information is an abstract concept that refers to that which has the power to inform. ![]()
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